One of the many effects of aging is loss of muscle mass, which contributes to disability in older people. To counter this loss, scientists at the Salk Institute are studying ways to accelerate the regeneration of muscle tissue, using a combination of molecular compounds that are commonly used in stem-cell research.
Include the following activities in your daily routine to increase your recovery times.
1. Drink water frequently. Your body needs a lot of water to develop the proteins that make up muscular tissue. You can hydrate yourself by drinking plain water, but if you want to replenish the electrolytes (salts) you lose through sweat while exercising, consider a sports drink.
2. Obtain adequate rest. A restful night's sleep is necessary for muscle healing. Your body can recover and regenerate by getting at least 7 hours of sleep each night consistently.
3. Be aware of your body. Your body uses sore muscles as a warning that it needs a day of rest. You might anticipate muscle ache the next day if you worked your muscles to fatigue during a workout. Resuming weightlifting should wait until the discomfort has noticeably diminished.
4. Consume the proper foods. Eat some protein before doing out, whether it's in the form of eggs, peanut butter, or a protein smoothie. You may also benefit from eating carbohydrates, which are readily available as energy, if your workout includes a significant amount of cardiovascular activity (running, cycling, etc.). Consuming too many carbohydrates can cause cramping and lactic acid accumulation, so do so sparingly.
5. Try out some vigorous recuperation activities. When your muscles are healing, you don't have to miss a training day. Try engaging in active recuperation activities like short sessions of yoga or tai chi, or prolonged stretching. A wonderful form of workout that doesn't hinder muscle recovery can even be a simple walk outside.
6. Use foam rollers to soothe aching muscles. To relax the tissues and the connecting fibers that hold them together, try foam rolling.
In a study published on May 25, 2022, in Nature Communications, the investigators showed that using these compounds increased the regeneration of muscle cells in mice by activating the precursors of muscle cells, called myogenic progenitors.
Although more work is needed before this approach can be applied in humans, the research provides insight into the underlying mechanisms related to muscle regeneration and growth and could one day help athletes as well as aging adults regenerate tissue more effectively.
"Loss of these progenitors has been connected to age-related muscle degeneration," says Salk Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, the paper's senior author."Our study uncovers specific factors that are able to accelerate muscle regeneration, as well as revealing the mechanism by which this occurred."
The compounds used in the study are often called Yamanaka factors after the Japanese scientist who discovered them. Yamanaka factors are a combination of proteins (called transcription factors) that control how DNA is copied for translation into other proteins.
In lab research, they are used to convert specialized cells, like skin cells, into more stem-cell-like cells that are pluripotent, which means they have the ability to become many different types of cells. "Our laboratory previously showed that these factors can rejuvenate cells and promote tissue regeneration in live animals," says first author Chao Wang, a postdoctoral fellow in the Izpisua Belmonte lab.
"But how this happens was not previously known." Muscle regeneration is mediated by muscle stem cells, also called satellite cells. Satellite cells are located in a niche between a layer of connective tissue (basal lamina) and muscle fibers (myofibers).
In this study, the team used two different mouse models to pinpoint the muscle stem-cell-specific or niche-specific changes following addition of Yamanaka factors. They focused on younger mice to study the effects of the factors independent of age.
In the myofiber-specific model, they found that adding the Yamanaka factors accelerated muscle regeneration in mice by reducing the levels of a protein called Wnt4 in the niche, which in turn activated the satellite cells. By contrast, in the satellite-cell-specific model, Yamanaka factors did not activate satellite cells and did not improve muscle regeneration, suggesting that Wnt4 plays a vital role in muscle regeneration.
According to Izpisua Belmonte, who holds the Roger Guillemin Chair, the observations from this study could eventually lead to new treatments by targeting Wnt4. "Our laboratory has recently developed novel gene-editing technologies that could be used to accelerate muscle recovery after injury and improve muscle function," he says. "We could potentially use this technology to either directly reduce levels in skeletal muscle or to block the communication between Wnt4 and muscle stem cells."
The investigators are also studying other ways to rejuvenate cells, including using mRNA and genetic engineering. These techniques could eventually lead to new approaches to boost tissue and organ regeneration.